Deception

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Deception is the act of convincing another to believe information that is not true.

Deception involves concepts like propaganda, distraction and concealment. Fiction, while sometimes manipulative, is not a deception unless it is portrayed as the whole truth; not to be confused with half-truths.

In many cases it is difficult to distinguish deception from providing unintentionally wrong information. One of the reasons for this is that a person or an entire organization may be Self-deception.

Dissimulation Dissimulation consists of concealing the truth, or in the case of half-truths, concealing parts of the truth, like inconvenient or secret information. There are three dissimulation techniques: camouflage (blend into the background), disguise appearance (altering the model) and dazzle (obfuscate the model). Camouflage image:Young red necked wallaby.jpg has adaptive colouration which allows it to blend with its environment

The camouflage of a physical object often works by breaking up the visual boundary of that object. This usually involves colouring the camouflaged object with the same colours as the background against which the object will be hidden. In the realm of deceptive half-truths camouflage is realized by 'hiding' some of the truths.

See also: glittering generalities and transfer within the Propaganda#Techniques of propaganda generation

Example:

Military camouflage as a form of visual deception is an essential part of military deception.

Disguise appearance A disguise is an appearance to create the impression of being somebody or something else; for a well-known person this is also called incognito.

Example:

The fictional Sherlock Holmes often disguised himself as somebody else to avoid being recognized.

In a more abstract sense, 'disguise' may refer to the act of disguising the nature of a particular proposal in order to hide an unpopular motivation or effect associated with that proposal. This is a form of political Spin (public relations) or propaganda. See also: rationalisation and transfer within the Propaganda#Techniques of propaganda generation

Example:

Depicting an act of war as a "peace" mission.

Dazzle Examples:

The defensive mechanisms of most octopuses to eject black ink in a large cloud to aid in escape from predators.

Simulation Simulation consists of exhibiting false information. There are three simulation techniques: mimicry (copying another model), fabrication (making up a new model), and attraction (offering an alternative model) Mimicry In the biological world, mimicry involves unconscious deception by similarity to another organism, or to a natural object. Animals for example may deceive predators or prey by visual, auditory or other means.

Fabricate To make something that in reality is not what it appears to be. For example, in World War II, it was common for the Allies to use hollow tanks made out of cardboard to fool German reconnaissance planes into thinking a large armor unit was on the move in one area while the real tanks were well hidden and on the move in a location far from the fabricated "dummy" tanks.

Distractions To get someone's attention from the truth by offering bait or something else more tempting to divert attention away from the object being concealed. For example, a security company publicly announces that it will ship a large gold shipment down one route, while in reality take a different route.

See also

Academic dishonesty
Betrayal
Communications deception
Confidence trick
Deception (evolutionary computation)
Electronic deception
Forgery
Fraud
Good cop/bad cop
Hoax

Lie
Limited hangout
List of topics related to public relations and propaganda
Media manipulation
Media transparency
Misdirection
Modified limited hangout
Newspeak
Phishing
Placebo (origins of technical term)
Propaganda

Psychological warfare
Secrecy
Selectivity
Spectacle
Spin (public relations)
Sting operation
Theft Act 1968
Theft Act 1978
Simulated reality
Steganography
Social engineering

References

Bennett, W Lance; Entman, Robert M The Politics of Misinformation
Edelman, Murray Constructing the political spectacle 1988
Bruce Schneier, Secrets and Lies (Schneier)
Robert Wright (journalist) The Moral Animal: Why We Are the Way We Are: The New Science of Evolutionary Psychology. Vintage, 1995. ISBN 0-679-76399-6